Lake Malawi National Park free essay sample

The aim of sustainable tourism is to ensure that development is a positive experience for local people; tourism companies; and tourists themselves. 3 Ecotourism that focus on wildlife and nature started in malawi in1980. Some research indicates that such tourism may not in fact benefit these communitiesas it might lead to them becoming dependent on the tourist economy, without developing skills that would allow them flexibility in the economy and be more of a long term guarantee. But despite this optimistic objective, sustainable tourism is still not widely understood. For a start, sustainable tourism is not necessarily ecotourism. Dave N. et al(1988) , however, has indicated that such tourism may not actually be good for environment, or for the people who experience this attention. Safaris in Kenya, for example, are undoubtedly ecotourism. But Kenya is full of cases where lions have been forced into erratic behaviour because of excessive tourists, or where the local Masai people have failed to benefit from this kind of development. We will write a custom essay sample on Lake Malawi National Park or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page More importantly, ecotourism does not involve more mainstream beach-or city-based tourism, where impacts are much greater than any nature-based tourism. Sustainable tourism, therefore, is an attempt to improve the impacts of all types of tourism, and this 3 Twan H. (1999),Tourism in developing countries. p. p-125 1 Literature Review 2 implies seeking ways to build partnerships between tourism companies and local governments or managers of resorts. 4 Ecotourism a form of tourism that focuses exclusively on wildlife, nature, or exotic cultures. Some argue that it is environmental tourism5. Sustainable development is a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The notion â€Å"quality of life† includes everything that influences the situation in which people live. Hence, it includes much more than material consumption. It is intended to capture the importance of health, culture, and nature. there are two important restrictions, though †quality of life† doesn? t include the welfare that people derive from their from the children? s consumptions . likewise, only natures instrumental value(ie, value in its own right regardless of human experience); a vague term used to market anything related to nature or 4 David N. et al. 1988)

The Effects of Overpopulation of White-Tailed Deer Essays

The Effects of Overpopulation of White-Tailed Deer Essays The Effects of Overpopulation of White-Tailed Deer Paper The Effects of Overpopulation of White-Tailed Deer Paper Without a plan, the effects to Marshlands natural ecosystem and the farming and agricultural communities could be devastating and costly, not to mention lead to an increase in deer related vehicle collisions. The over population Of the white tailed deer has had a significant impact on the ecology of the forest and the Chesapeake Bay. Studies done by the Department of Natural Resources show that the over grazing of ground level vegetation by deer, has led to a decrease in habitat for smaller species of wildlife and affects the regeneration of Marshlands native vegetation. Furthermore, over grazing creases the growth of native plants and allows for exotic species to thrive and threaten Marshlands natural ecosystem. These studies have also found that a decrease in the ground level vegetation has allowed an increase of runoff into the Chesapeake Bay, causing negative impacts on the water quality and clarity, and an increase of pollutants in the Bay. In turn, the aquatic species and plants in the Chesapeake Bay will decrease and become extinct. Deer over population in Maryland is costing some farmers their livelihood. It is estimated that the white tailed deer caused Marshlands farmers an estimated $9. 6 million in wildlife-related crop damage during 2008 and Maryland farmers spent over $600,000 on crop damage preventative measures. Marshlands deer were responsible for 80% of that damage ($7. 6 million) according to the (Maryland White Tailed Deer Plan for 2009-2018). This damage was caused not only to the farmers soybean and corn crops, but also to ornamental plants and trees raised by commercial nurseries and plantations. The crop damage caused by deer impacts the farmers profit margin and in turn impacts the cost to consumers. The Deer Management Lana also notes that a study done by the National Park service that compared Coating Mountain Park (hunting not allowed) and the Frederick City watershed (hunting allowed during Marshlands hunting season), showed that the Frederick City watershed had a higher concentration of seedling and sapling regeneration than the overpopulated Coating Mountain Park. If we can manage the deer population we can ensure the future Of Marshlands forests and parks. Furthermore, the increase in construction of new homes, shopping centers and offices has reduced the farms and forest. The increase in the deer population, added to the decrease of habitat, pushes the deer out into the communities and along the roads to seek food and shelter, causing an increase in deer-vehicle collisions. Some of these collisions are causing severe if not fatal accidents and costing millions of dollars in health care and vehicle repair cost every year. Decreasing the deer population therefore, decreases the extra health care cost and the number of collisions. According to P. E. T A. (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals), we should let nature take its own course in managing the deer population. There re many people and organizations like P. E. TA. That believe managing the deer population by lethal means (hunting) is not effective; that it is violent, inhumane, and a cruel way of treating animals. Paula Moore, a senior writer for the P. E. T. A. Foundation believes, sterilization programs are a better, long- term solution to reducing deer populations; hunting just makes the problem worse. It is believed that hunting increases the deer population; fewer deer mean more food for the remaining deer in that area, allowing for healthier more reproductive does, increasing the birth rate and survival. It is also believed that the increased presence of hunters in the forest during hunting season drives the deer out of the forest and in turn increases the number of deer-vehicle collisions. PETA and animal activist believe nature will take care of its own, that there is no need for human involvement. These activists will always argue that hunting is a violent, inhumane and cruel way of treating animals. In counterargument, what is natural and humane about sterilization? Is that not also a cruel and inhumane invasion of humans in their habitat? Furthermore, it is not only the hunters that push the deer from the forest during hunting season, but the rut or mating season. The rut begins in late October, or early November; this causes the bucks to chase after the does, driving the deer from the fields and forest and into the highways and by. says and into traffic. It is humans that have contributed to the over population of the deer due to the deforestation of the land and a decrease in their natural habitat. Therefore, it is their responsibility to help correct this problem by having an effective deer management plan in place.

The principles of ELISA and its application Essay

The principles of ELISA and its application - Essay Example The sensitivity of simple enzyme assays together with the specificity of antibodies/antigens aid in qualitative and quantitative determination of antigen or antibody concentration in samples. The various biological samples, like plasma, serum, urine, and cell extracts containing unknown antigen/antibody concentration can be analysed in ELISA. This biochemical technique employs polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies depending upon the specificity requirement for the sample to be assayed. The assays involving monoclonal antibodies increases specificity; and therefore give reproducible and accurate results. The enzymes employed in ELISA should be simple, easily analysed and should have a high turnover number. The substrates used for the enzyme assay should be stable, safe, inexpensive, and should generate soluble end products. The chromogenic colourless substrates are utilized which give colored reaction products after the reaction. This visible color reaction is quantified spectrophotomet rically. Other options for detection include analysis using fluorescent or radioactive probes.The most commonly used enzymes in ELISA are horse raddish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, urease, ÃŽ ²-galactosidase etc. (Axel 1999). When alkaline phosphatase is used for labeling the antibody, p-nitrophenylphosphate (pNPP) is used as substrate which forms yellow color product p-nitrophenol after the reaction. The chromogneic substrates employed with peroxidase are 2,2’-azo-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), o-phenylenediamine (OPD) and 3,3’5,5’- tetramethylbenzidine base (TMB), which gives end products with green, orange and blue colors, respectively. A 96-well microtiter plate is used to execute the ELISA constituted of polystyrene or PVC. Direct ELISA: In this technique, a sample containing the target antigen is adsorbed in a well of the microtiter plate. An enzyme labeled primary antibody reacts directly with the antigen. Direct ELISA excludes the use of

Copyright and Student Use Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Copyright and Student Use - Essay Example Copyright protection can be availed for original work of authorship. It comes into existence from the time when the work of author takes a permanent authorized form. As per the copyright law it is only optional to register the work in the copyright office. Although when the work is registered, there are advantages. Normally literary works, musical works, works related to drama, works related to choreography, pictorial and sculpture works, films, sound recordings, softwares etc are copyrightable. However facts, words, symbols, lettering, ideas, scorecards, diaries etc does not come under the purview of the copyright act. The rights of the copyright owner can be divided into five categories, which are reproduction of the work, preparation of copied work, carrying out the work, exhibiting the work and the allocation of the work. One of the main aspects of the copyright law is called "fair use." The term "fair use" is often used as a justification for replication. This aspect has been widely exploited by people associated with education under the pretext that it is essential for teaching and schools which come under the non profit organization category to use copyright works. As per section 107 of the copyright act there are four ways to replicate a work legally. ... All these four criteria have to be met for shaping fair use. The term fair use does not come into reckoning if the reason for repetition does not come under the categories of criticism, remark, news coverage, learning, and research. Copying of news magazines is allowed but copying of a short story does not come under fair use. Copying a large segment of work is not fair use but is a case of infringement. It can never be associated with fair use. Copying an article even for educational use is prohibited under copyright act. If the copying is not prohibited specifically, copying can be allowable under fair use (South eastern Louisiana University COPYRIGHT POLICIES 1999). How can you use copyright materials for educational purposes' Various norms and laws on copyright are very important for the promotion of creativity. A very efficient as well as a balanced system is of utmost importance in the field of protection of culture. Moreover a suitable copyrighting structure is necessary for the cultural and economic cooperation in the international level (Ficsor. M.2005) One of the toughest challenges faced today is to safeguard children from the negative influence of internet without sacrificing the right to receive information. Nowadays more parents are worried about their children using internet for wrong purposes. There is also a feeling of insecurity because of the lack of technical knowledge possessed by them when compared with the younger generation. By using the filtering software technology, this problem can be solved up to a certain extent. For getting the full advantages of internet access, children should be guided by parents as well as adults. This would produce new accesses for internet which in turn will provide great

Homeland Security - Preparedness and Prevention Assignment

Homeland Security - Preparedness and Prevention - Assignment Example cause, indeed, with all the high-tech security measures being undertaken by magnificently high-financed chemical plants or laboratories, no one or no group would even attempt to get inside and forcefully steal chemicals vital to national security. Some films might have inadvertently suggested to criminal elements how to penetrate chemical plants, but thankfully, ideas were also alluded to with regards to potential security threats and vulnerabilities to crime such as terrorism, and at the same time, the effective security and protection measures that should be importantly undertaken. Hence, unquestionably, the National Institute of Justice, in collaboration with the Department of Justice components, the Office of Homeland Security, the Department of Energy, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Transportation, numerous organizations, and private citizens, had been conscientious enough as to suggest the development of the Vulnerability Assessment Methodology. The prototype Vulnerability Assessment Model (VAM) developed is a systematic, risk-based approach in which risk is a function of the severity of consequences of an undesired event, the likelihood of adversary attack, and the likelihood of adversary success in causing the undesired event (Ashcroft, et al, 2002). On September, 2009, the Department of Environment Protection was lauded by the community of Clifton, New Jersey, for having cleaned up the facility left by Abrachem Group, who were involved in repackaging chemicals but did not level up with the pre-requisites necessary when operating a chemical facility in the United States. Lives of the people of New Jersey were in jeopardy, when Abrachem Group had leaking drums, that contained toxic chemicals, such as naphthalene, sodamide, peroxide, and nitric acid. The company abandoned 1,600 unlabeled, mislabeled and mishandled rusted drums filled with chemicals, some posing a threat to the environment and to the people of Clifton

Townsends Theories of Recruitment and Selection

Townsends Theories of Recruitment and Selection This essay will argue Townsends research into the paradox of recruitment and selection, training and the high level of turnover that appears in the growing industry of call. His research is based on PowerGrid, which is an Australian Government owned Power Company. There has been an enormous increase in the number of call centres, due to this a large number of interesting issues have arisen such as high level of turnover in call centres, despite companies spending vast sums of money on training and recruiting. The research of Townsend is valuable and meaningful for there has been little academic research conducted in the area of recruitment, training and turnover in call centres. This essay will be based on the critical review of Townsends use of research methods, findings, practical implications and the concepts he used. Townsend adopts a three-step research strategy. Specifically, a seven-month non-participant job observation, ten interviews of managers and leaders in the organization and an analysis of the human resource documents compose the research method. Townsend considers the importance of PowerGrid call centre mainly for two reasons: At first, during the 1990s Australian government deregulation to power supplies session, PowerGrid had grew out of joint efforts by other power suppliers; Next, the PowerGrid call centre was based on Erlang C model which uses mathematical method to calculate and predict call volumes and keep balance of contact within the call centre (Angus, 2001).ÂÂ  Townsends findings suggest that the company was able to reduce its cost of training and recruitment through internal transfers. Moreover, Townsend points out that training should focus more on emotional labour as it is important for call centre agents to show to their customers rather than solely focus on techn ical trainings and the role of the human resource department is to hire the best candidates and filter out the ones who may be incompetent. Looking at the literature, the paradox between high cost of recruitment and training and high ratio of employees turnover in the sector of call centres, could be described as a sacrificial HR strategy (Wallace, Eagleson Waldersee, 2000), this formed the basis of Townsends research. By agreeing with (korczynski, 2002) Townsend accepts the idea that organizations face dual imperatives for instance call centres want to minimise their costs but on the other hand have to provide excellent service to its customers. But companies mainly use call centres to minimize their cost rather than offer customer service, although call centre managers describes customers service as their main goal (Robinson Morley, 2006). Townsend agrees with (Mulholland, 2002) that whatever the type of call centre it may be, Customer service representatives (CSRs) have to show a high degree of emotional labor to the customers. CSRs are also required to have the ability of micro-self manage (Wray-Bliss, 2001).But on the other hand he disagrees with (Hochschild, 1983) that those CSRs who displayed artificial emotional labour suffered from negative consequences. Townsends argument is supported by findings of (Wharton, 1993) who through his research suggested that emotional labour does not cause any negative consequences. Townsend discusses the importance of the role of recruitment towards the future and wellbeing of an organisation and compares it to the role of a gate keeper (2007: 57). It should be noted that by hiring competent applicants the firms productivity and performance can be improved significantly (Russo, Rietveld, Nijkamp Gorter, 1995). It is also better to employ those people who are willing to learn. (2007: 478). Besides, Townsend agrees with (Breaugh Starke, 2000) who suggested that new recruits job satisfaction and initial performance should be more important to organisations. That is, when the applicants are being hired it is important for the employers to see, whether the applicants attitude is suitable to organisations and this should be considered more important than ones technical skills. As mentioned before, PowerGrid is a government-owned Australian electricity supplier. Townsend acknowledges that there is difference between governments owned companies and privately owned companies. As he identifies the unique characteristics, there is a debate on whether the findings of this case could be generalized to private companies. Moreover, its rational to doubt whether Townsend has paid attention to the fact that his research is conducted in Government run working environment. Townsend argues that PowerGrid being a Government owned company has to have its call centers in the country, which increases costs, while on the other hand they need to be efficient in terms of operations. But being a Government owned company it has the protection of the Government in terms of costs. Private companies on the other hand do not have this advantage and may need to outsource their call centres in order to cut down their costs, to low costs countries such as India and Philippines (Snow, 2 005). Townsend identifies that PowerGrid makes internal transfers which it called positive turnover; this is when CSRs moved within the organisation. Due to this the organisation is able to reduce its training and recruitment cost which otherwise would have been spent on hiring and training new candidates. As (Robinson Morley, 2006) confirmed high staff turnover rate in call centres can greatly affect the cost impact on business and that could be direct costs; that are training, recruiting etc. or could be indirect for instance bad customer service. But Townsend fails to give any evidence for his findings as to how we can see if the organization was able to reduce its costs by internal transfers. According to Townsend, PowerGrid used a three stage training programs for the new recruits (2007: 485). He mentions that the first stage is the basic training program away from the computer and it is done in an environment that is decorated with nappies, baby clothes and pacifiers. He mentions that the management calls it the nursery. However, he questions the logic of using this word and shows some reservations about whether using this word is appropriate for this level but then agrees to the concept of the management who call it as part of the fun in the organization. But training programs are at the entry level of the company and may give wrong perceptions of the company, the perceptions may become permanent and in future it would be difficult to change these perceptions (Marchington, 2005). Townsend points out at some of the problems faced by Powergrid with regards to training of new CSRs. Previously the training time for news CSRs was eight weeks (2007: 484). A new system was to be introduced that would half that time to nearly four weeks. Even though the management spend AU$ 30 million on the new system, it turned out to be a failure as it not only doubled the training time as new recruits would have to learn both the systems but also increased employee dissatisfaction. He points out the ineffective communication and low employee involvement during the development and implementation of this new system when he mentions about the training team leader who points out that the management did not disclose to him information about the new system due to which the new system became an add on (2007: 484) to the old system rather than a completely new system. According to Lewis, (1999) there is a direct link between communication process within the organisation and organisationa l change implementation. Townsend identifies that the training for the employees was mostly focused on technical and product knowledge rather than on emotional labour. He believes that money would be well spent if it was spent on trying to improve the emotional labour rather than spend it on other skills. But he fails to provide any ideas on how this can be improved. Townsend points out at the dissatisfaction of the CSRs with the management (2007: 485). The employees are unhappy with the schedule for their trainings because they had to perform their training modules outside their working hours. The employees felt they were already overburdened as they only got thirty minutes of release time which was spent mainly to check their emails. The CSRs would be dissatisfied because a CSRs job is more stressful and less satisfying as compared to other jobs (Holdsworth Cartwright, 2003). Dissatisfaction of managers can be identified in PowerGrid. As a call centre manager called himself between a rock and a hard place (2007: 487) as they had to do continuous recruitment as some of their employees would move through to the larger organization due to internal transfers and many would leave the organization altogether as they would be heavily scrutinized through the software analysis system or will not get enough pay or benefits. So in order to retain the employees the organization must offer its employees good pay and benefits and should adopt a transparent performance management system (Raman, Budhwar Balasubramanian, 2007). There can be weaknesses identified in Townsends research methods. He used three steps to conduct his research. Firstly, he used non participant job observations to carry out his research. Non participant job observations include two types direct or indirect observations (Rowley, 2004). It has not been mentioned if he used direct or indirect observations, as in direct observations questions can be asked and may lead to change in behavior of the people observed, on the other hand indirect observations cannot be used for gaining information on perceptions, attitudes etc. (Rowley, 2004). He made observations only once or twice a week which seem not enough. Effective observation is an art and needs to be honed and perfected overtime (Rowley, 2004). There is nothing mentioned in the article that suggests that whether the author has experience or has gone through training to conduct and observation at this level. Secondly, he then conducted eighteen interviews of key personnel in the company who included contact centre manager, call centre manager, training team leader, roster and planning officer and human resource representatives, out of which he selects only ten interviews that he believed were relevant to topic of his research. The author should provide more detailed criteria for choosing only ten interviews out of the original eighteen. Thirdly, he obtained data from the organisation related to the Human resource department and analysed it to reach the conclusion. He has not mentioned what type of data he used to come to conclusions neither he has mentioned any process or methods that he used to analyse and interpret the data. There are two methods for data analysis; Computer based analysis and manual analysis (Borch Arthur, 1995). So in this case we dont know if he has used manual or computer based analysis or a combination of both. As some researchers use one type of methodology while some use a combination of both (Borch Arthur, 1995). Due to the debatable nature of Townsends research methods it is very difficult to find his results conclusive. However, he agrees with (Mulhollands, 2002) which suggest that CSRs need to show a high degree of emotional labor to the customers. Lack of proper planning and communication can be seen between the management of PowerGrid as they wasted AU$30 million in trying to implement a new software without consulting the training team leader and it turned out to be an add on (2007: 486). He identified that the recruitment and selection department should act like a gate keeper (2007: 478) in order to only let in the right candidates. He emphasized that training should focus more on emotional labour, as it is the most important aspect while communicating with the customers, rather than focusing on technical skills. Townsend fails to identify by how much the company was able to reduce the cost of turnover when they had to keep recruiting throughout the year due to employees moving into th e larger organization or leaving the organization altogether. This research provides useful information for practitioners in the call centres. However, researchers who further study, need to research in depth into industry of call centre and should specially address the limitations found in Townsends study. Townsend wanted to consider the paradox of extensive recruitment and training conducted in call centres that are faced with high levels of turnover. He came to the conclusion that PowerGrid was able to reduce its cost of recruitment and training, by having internal transfers within the larger organisation. Furthermore, Townsend has been able to identify certain problems within PowerGrid. He has failed to highlight is there any difference between this call centre and other private call centres. He has advocated that there should be a great emphasis on training of emotional labour rather than technical training but he has been unable to provide any suggestion how it can be done. Finally, Non-participant job observations, interviews are types of qualitative research methods which can be called problematic because of problems with their validity and reliability (Kirk Miller, 1986) REFERENCES: Angus, I. (2001). An introduction to Erlang B and Erlang C. Telemanagement, (187): 6-8. Breaugh, J. and Starke, M. (2000). Research on employee recruitment: so many studies, so many remaining questions.Journal of Management, 26(3): 405-34. Borch, O.J. and Arthur, M.B. (1995). Strategic networks among small firms: implications for strategy research methodology. Journal of Management Studies, 32(4): 419-441 Catterall, M. (1996). Using Computer programs to code qualitative data. Marketing Intelligence Planning Journal, 14(4): 29- 33. Hochschild, A. (1983).The Managed Heart: Commercialization of Human feeling.University of California Press, Berkeley, CA. Holdsworth, L and Cartwright, S. (2003). Empowerment, stress and satisfaction: an exploratory study of a call centre.Leadership Organisation Development Journal, 24 (3):131-140. Kirk, J. and Miller, M. (1986). Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research.London, Sage. Lewis, L.K. (1999). Disseminating information and soliciting input during planned organisational change: implementers targets, sources, and channels for communicating.Management Communication Quarterly, 13(1):43-75. korczynski, M. (2002).Human Resource Management in Service Work. Palgrave, Basingstoke Marchington, M. (2005). Human Resource Management at Work. London: Sage Publications Inc., Thousand Oaks New Delhi. Mulholland, K. (2002). Gender emotional labour and teamworking in a call centre.Personnel review, 31(3):283-303. Raman, S.R.;Budhwar P. andBalasubramanian G. (2007).People management issues in Indian KPOs.Employee Relations, 29(6): 696-710. Robinson, G. and Morley, C. (2006). Call centre management: responsibilities and performance.International Journal of Service Industry Management, 17(3): 284-300. Rowley J. (2003) Researching people and organisations, Library Management Volume, 15(4/5): 208-214. Russo, G.; Rietveld, P.; Nijkam, P. and Gorter, C. (1995).Issues in recruitment strategies: an economic perspective.The International Journal of Career Management, 7(3): 3-13. Snow, J. (2005). UK call centres: crossroads of an Industry. Journal of Property Investment Finance, 23(6): 525-532. Townsend, K. (2005). Considering progress in Greenfield site.International employment relations review, 11(1/2):76-79 Wallace, C.;Eagleson, G. and Waldersee, R. (2000). The sacrificial HR strategy in callcentres. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 11(2): 174-184. Wharton, A.S. (1993). The affective consequences of service work.Work and Occupations, 20: 205-232 Wray-Bliss, E. (2001). Representing customer service: telephones and texts. Customer service. in Sturdy, A., Grugulis, I., Willmott, H. (Eds),Customer Service: Empowerment and Entrapment, Palgrave, London, .

Visual Effects Created By E.E. Cummings In His Poetry Essay -- Cumming

Visual Effects Created By E.E. Cummings In His Poetry Edward Estlin Cummings, commonly referred to as E. E. Cummings, was born on October 14, 1894 in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He was a source of vast knowledge and was responsible for many creative works other than his poetry, such as novels, plays, and paintings. He published his first book of poetry Tulips and Chimneys in 1923. Many of his poems are known for the visual effects they create through his unusual placement of words on the page, as well as, his lack of punctuation and capitalization. The manner in which Cummings arranges the words of his poems creates an image in the reader's mind of the topic he is discussing, such as a season or climbing stairs. His visual style also brings emotions, such as loneliness or cheerfulness, to the reader's mind. Due to this creativity, Cummings won many awards, such as the National Book Award and the Bollingen Prize in poetry (Marks 17). In his poem "l(a", the words are arranged in such a way that they are falling down the page. He only puts several letters of each word on a line and then continues to spell the word down the page. The main focus of the poem is about loneliness and the words almost appear to be "lonely." He uses parentheses around the phrase "a leaf falls," which appears in the middle of the poem. The remaining letters in the poem spell "loneliness." When these are placed together in the same poem, it creates an effect that there is a leaf falling from a tree to the ground where it will be lonely because it will be separated from the tree. Cummings emphasizes the image of being alone or aloof by using two versions of the word one. On the first line, he uses the letter "l," which also looks like the number "1." On ... ...number of visual effects in his poetry. He combined the lack of punctuation, capitalization, and creative spacing with his topics, such as the seasons, to convey his messages. Some readers find the visual effects in his poems disconcerting and feel that they are meaningless because of it. However, others find his visual effects helpful in gaining a deeper understanding of his poems and the messages he was trying to convey. Cummings' poems were definitely meant to be viewed rather than simply listened to so that the reader can benefit from the full effect of them. His poetry does not follow traditional rules and is very unpredictable. As a result, they leave more room for your imagination to soar. Works Cited: Cummings, E. E. Poems 1923 ‚ 1954. New York : Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1926. Marks, Barry A. E. E. Cummings. New York : Twayne Publishers, Inc, 1964.